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THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  ILLINOIS 

LIBRARY 

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A6RICULIURAL 
UIBABY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


BULLETIN  No.  235 


FEEDING  PURE-BRED  DRAFT  FILLIES 

BY  J.  L.  EDMONDS  AND  W.  G.  KAMMLADE 


URBANA,  ILLINOIS,  NOVEMBER,  1921 


SUMMARY  OF  BULLETIN  No.  235 

These  experiments  have  shown  that  the  production  of  pure-bred  draft  fillies 
in  Illinois,  or  where  conditions  are  similar,  will  be  most  satisfactory  when  good 
pastures  and  legume  roughages  form  the  basis  of  their  rations.  Sound,  good 
quality  legume  roughages,  such  as  alfalfa,  may  constitute  from  one-half  to  two- 
thirds  of  the  roughage  fed;  the  remainder  to  consist  of  carbonaceous  roughages 
such  as  oat  hay,  oat  straw,  or  perhaps  timothy  hay  or  corn  stover. 

Pasture  is  essential.  In  fact,  too  much  emphasis  cannot  be  placed  upon  the 
importance  of  good  pasture  in  horse  production.  It  is  certain  that  much  of  the 
success  in  growing  these  fillies  was  due  to  the  use  of  nutritious  pasture.  This  pas- 
ture was  mostly  blue  grass  with  some  timothy,  orchard  grass,  and  clovers. 

Abundant  pastures  and  legume  hays  reduce  the  grain  requirement,  but  it  is 
not  possible  to  secure  the  most  satisfactory  and  economical  growth  and  develop- 
ment unless  these  are  supplemented  with  grain  feeds.  From  experience  in  the 
three  trials  which  have  been  conducted  at  this  Station,  it  has  been  found  best  to 
feed  grain  in  comparatively  small  amounts  during  all  seasons  rather  than  to  feed 
it  in  large  quantities  at  one  time  and  perhaps  discontinue  its  use  at  other  times. 

In  the  third  trial  the  quantity  of  grain  fed  was  small,  but  the  results  in  the 
rate  and  quality  of  growth  were  satisfactory  and  economical.  Lot  I  received  an 
average  of  6.36  pounds  of  crushed  oats  and  bran  per  head  daily,  and  Lot  II 
received  5.40  pounds  of  corn  and  bran  per  head  daily.  These  amounts  were  about 
the  minimum  that  would  produce  good  growth  when  fed  with  alfalfa  hay  and 
oat  hay. 

Of  the  grain  rations  fed,  the  one  composed  of  75  percent  crushed  oats  and  25 
percent  bran  proved  most  satisfactory.  While  a  grain  ration  composed  largely 
of  corn,  fed  with  alfalfa  hay  and  pasture,  is  adequate  for  the  production  of  growth, 
it  does  not,  so  far  as  our  experience  shows,  produce  fillies  of  such  desirable  quality 
as  a  ration  in  which  the  corn  is  reduced  or  from  which  it  is  omitted. 

Feeding  grain  and  roughage  and  using  pasture  in  the  manner  here  reported 
produced  good  weight  and  a  good  growth  of  frame  before  the  fillies  were  two 
years  old,  and  it  did  not  hinder  important  later  development. 


FEEDING   PURE-BRED  DRAFT  FILLIES 

BY  J.  L.  EDMONDS,  PROFESSOR  OF  HORSE  HUSBANDRY,  AND 
W.   G.   KAMMLADE,  ASSOCIATE  IN  ANIMAL  HUSBANDRY 


INTRODUCTION 

Breeding  and  feeding  are  important  factors  in  the  successful  pro- 
duction of  good  draft  horses.  The  way  in  which  the  draft  foal  is 
grown  to  maturity  determines,  in  no  small  degree,  the  animal's  sell- 
ing value  and  its  future  utility  for  work  and  breeding  purposes.  Lib- 
eral feeding  has  been  advocated  more  than  practiced,  yet  it  is  essential 
if  satisfactory  growth  and  size  are  to  be  secured.  Such  feeding  must 
be  continued  thruout  the  period  of  growth,  particularly  during  the 
first  and  second  years,  the  time  when  growth  is  most  rapid.  The  ulti- 
mate results  are  more  satisfactory  if  the  feeding  is  done,  in  such  a  way 
as  to  produce  a  regular,  even  rate  of  gain.  Furthermore,  such  feeding 
results  in  more  economical  gains  than  are  possible  when  the  animals 
arc  heavily  fed  during  one  season  and  neglected  during  another.  This 
has  been  the  general  experience  of  horse  breeders  and  dealers.  Vari- 
ous feeds  and  methods  of  feeding  may  be  used  with  success,  provided 
the  feeds  are  palatable,  contain  the.  necessary  nutrients,  and  are  fed  in 
proper  amounts. 

The  experiments  reported  he.rein  are  a  continuation  of  the  experi- 
ment reported  in  Bulletin  192  of  this  Station.  The  former  experi- 
ment, in  which  ten  Percheron  fillies  were  used,  demonstrated  that 
pure-bred  draft  fillies  could  be  developed  satisfactorily  by  the  use  of 
home-grown  feeds.  The  object  of  the  experiments  discussed  in  the 
present  bulletin  was  to  find  a  ration  which  would  be  even  more  satis- 
factory for  producing  high-class  fillies  than  the  ration  of  corn,  oats, 
and  alfalfa  used  in  the  first  experiment.  Forty-two  fillies  have  been 
used  in  the  three  trials.  The  experiments  reported  in  this  bulletin 
will  be  designated  the  second  and  third  experiments. 

PLAN 

In  each  of  the  last  two  trials  sixteen  Percheron  weanling  fillies, 
divided  into  two  lots  of  eight  each,  were  used.  Some  of  the  fillies  were 
bred  at  the  University  and  others  were  purchased  from  various  breed- 
ers in  Illinois,  Iowa,  Ohio,  and  Virginia.  The  experiment  reported  as 
the  second  experiment  was  begun  December  12,  1916,  and  continued 
until  May  13,  1918,  a  total  of  518  days.  The  last,  or  third,  trial  was 
begun  December  31,  1918,  and  continued  until  May  3,  1920,  a  total 
of  490  days. 

331 


332  BULLETIN  No.  235  [November, 

FEED 

The  rations  used  in  the  two  experiments  described  herein  were  as 
follows  (by  weight)  : 

Second  Experiment 

Lot  I: 

Corn 40  percent 

Oats 40  percent 

Bran 20  percent 

Lot  II: 

Corn 50  percent 

Oats 50  percent 

Both  lots  in  this^trial  received  alfalfa  hay  and  oat  straw.  The 
oat  straw  was  cut  and  mixed  with  the  grain  ration  during  the  winter 
feeding  period.  During  the  summer  the  fillies  of  each  lot  were  on 
permanent  pasture.  Grain  was  fed  three  times  a  day  during  the  first 
winter.  When  the  fillies  were  on  grass,  and  during  the  second  winter, 
grain  was  fed  twice  a  day.  The  corn  and  oats  for  both  lots  were 
ground  from  the  beginning  of  the  experiment  until  May  29,  1917. 
After  that  shelled  corn  and  whole  oats  were  used. 

Third  Experiment 
Lot  I: 

Crushed  oats 75  percent 

Bran 25  percent 

Lot  II: 

Ground  corn 75  percent 

Bran 25  percent 

Alfalfa  hay  was  the  sole  roughage  fed  to  both  lots  during  the  first 
winter.  All  the  fillies  were  on  pasture  during  the  summer.  During 
the  second  winter  oat  hay,  which  was  riper  than  it  usually  is  when 
cut  for  such  purposes,  was  fed  as  a  carbonaceous  supplement  to  the 
alfalfa  hay.  The  regular  practice  was  to  feed  grain  twice  each  day. 
Hay  was  fed  twice  a  day  except  when  the  fillies  were  on  pasture,  dur- 
ing a  part  of  which  time  no  hay  was  fed ;  after  the  pasture  became 
short  and  dry,  hay  was  fed  once  a  day. 

In  both  these  experiments  the  alfalfa  used  was  grown  on  the  Uni- 
versity farm  and  was  of  good  quality. 

The  purpose  in  both  experiments  was  to  obtain  good  growth  on 
a  small  amount  of  grain  fed  thruout  the  year,  supplemented  by  an 
abundance  of  roughage  or  pasture.  The  feeding  was  done  in  such  a 
way  that  all  feeds  given  were  thoroly  cleaned  up.  This  resulted  in 
almost  no  waste  of  feed,  and  there  were  no  refused  feeds  to  be  weighed 
and  recorded.  Each  lot  was  fed  as  a  group,  from  mangers  built  along 


1921]  FEEDING  PURE-BRED  DRAFT  FILLIES  333 

the  sides  of  roomy  box  stalls  which  were  used  as  shelter.  Hence  no 
record  was  kept  of  the  .amount  of  feed  eaten  by  individual  animals. 

The  pasture  was  heavy  blue  grass  with  a  mixture  of  timothy, 
orchard  grass,  medium  red  and  white  clovers.  Each  lot  had  access 
to  eight  acres,  or  one  acre  per  head.  Some  sweet-clover  pasture  was 
used  for  a  few  days  in  the  second  trial.  Army  worms  damaged  the 
permanent  pasture  in  the  summer  of  1919.  During  a  few  weeks  of 
that  summer  the  fillies  were  turned  on  oat  stubble,  which  contained  a 
good  growth  of  medium  red  clover  and  timothy. 

Salt  was  fed  with  the  grain.  Water  was  available  at  all  times 
in  the  barn  as  well  as  in  the  pastures. 

SHELTER 

The  shelter  for  the  fillies  consisted  of  two  box  stalls  for  each  lot, 
one  measuring  16  x  16  feet  and  one  16  x  20  feet.  The  entrances 
to  the  box  stalls  were  equipped  with  two  doors,  an  inner  slat  door  and 
an  outer  solid  door.  During  the  winter  if  the  weather  was  mild,  only 
the  slat  doors  were  closed  at  night ;  if  it  was  stormy  or  very  cold,  the 
outer  solid  doors  were  partly  or  entirely  closed  as  a  protection  against 
drafts  but  provision  was  always  made  for  the  free  circulation  of  air 
thru  the  stalls.  These  doors  were  8  feet  wide  and  opened  into  cinder 
exercise  lots,  which  connected  the  barn  with  the  pasture.  The  fillies 
were  in  these  lots  every  day  during  the  winter  and  ran  on  pasture 
from  spring  until  early  winter.  This  method  of  stabling  insured  suf- 
ficient protection  without  any  undue  restriction  of  opportunity  for 
exercise ;  and  exercise  must  accompany  good  feeding  if  the  best  all- 
around  results  are  to  be  obtained.  During  the  summer  canvas  "flap- 
pers" nailed  to  the  over-head  joists  assisted  in  keeping  the  flies  off 
the  backs  of  the  fillies.  An  application  of  coal-tar  disinfectant  to  the 
lower  part  of  the  canvas  prevented  it  from  being  chewed  or  torn  down. 

BEDDING 

Shavings  and  wheat  straw  were  generally  used  as  bedding ;  a  small 
amount  of  the  straw  was  eaten  by  the  fillies.  Some  oat  straw  was  used 
during  the  first  winter  of  the  last  experiment.  The  manure  was  re- 
moved from  the  stalls  each  day. 

GROOMING 

During  the  winter  the  fillies  were  occasionally  given  a  hurried 
grooming  with  a  ' '  dandy  brush. ' '  As  often  as  necessary,  about  once 
a  month,  their  feet  were  levelled  with  a  hoof  rasp. 


334  BULLETIN  No.  235  [November, 


DISCUSSION  OF  RESULTS 

The  tables  have  been  constructed  to  show  as  clearly  as  possible  the 
results  of  the  experiments,  hence  the  discussion  will  be  brief  and  will 
concern  those  features  of  the  trials  not  sufficiently  emphasized  by 
the  tables. 

FEED  CONSUMED 

Grain  was  fed  thruout  each  of  the  experiments  and  alfalfa  hay 
was  fed  except  during  a  very  few  periods  of  the  pasture  season.  In 
the  second  trial  when  the  fillies  were  not  on  pasture  the  alfalfa  was 
fed  at  an  average  rate  of  about  one  pound  per  hundredweight  per 
day.  Oat  straw  was  fed  in  amounts  of  two  pounds  per  head  per  day. 
The  feeding  of  alfalfa  hay  reduced  the  grain  requirement. 

Second  Experiment. — There  was  no  great  difference  in  the  feed 
consumption  per  head  of  the  two  lots  in  the  second  experiment.  Lot 
I,  fed  corn  40  percent,  oats  40  percent,  and  bran  20  percent,  by  weight, 
ate  only  80.81  pounds  of  grain  and  405  pounds  of  hay  more  per  head 
than  Lot  II,  fed  corn  50  percent  and  oats  50  percent,  and  made  6.2 
pounds  greater  average  gain  in  weight.  So  far  as  these  rations  can 
be  judged  from  this  trial,  there  is  no  great  difference  in  their  efficiency 
for  producing  gain  in  weight.  The  results  obtained  with  the  corn  and 
oats  ration  fed  Lot  II  seem  to  agree  with  those  of  the  first  experi- 
ment, reported  in  Bulletin  192,  and  show  that  good  gains  may  be  made 
without  using  purchased  mill  feeds.  It  is  believed,  however,  that  even 
tho  the  fillies  of  Lot  I  ate  a  little  more  feed  and  required  a  slightly 
greater  amount  of  feed  per  pound  of  gain,  the  grain  ration  of  corn, 
oats,  and  bran  which  they  received  gave  better  results  than  the  grain 
ration  of  50  percent  corn  and  50  percent  oats  fed  Lot  II.  The  use 
of  bran  and  a  smaller  percentage  of  corn  in  the  ration  of  Lot  I 
seemed  to  produce  growth  of  better  quality  and  cleaner  legs  than  was 
obtained  with  corn  and  oats  in  Lot  II.  This  statement  is  based  on 
the  observation  of  the  men  who  conducted  the  experiment  and  upon 
the  opinion  of  a  number  of  horsemen  who  saw  the  fillies  at  the  close 
of  the  experiments.  Home-grown  feeds  of  good  quality  carefully  fed 
in  proper  amounts,  without  the  addition  of  commercial  mixed  feeds 
or  condiments  of  any  kind,  produced  a  satisfactory  rate  of  growth  in 
this  experiment.  A  little  less  alfalfa  and  more  straw  probably  would 
have  been  as  satisfactory  as  the  roughage  ration  given.  Economy 
during  the  winter  was  secured  by  feeding  roughage  liberally  and 
enough  grain  to  maintain  a  thrifty,  growing  condition. 

A  summary  of  the  feed  consumption  per  head,  in  terms  of  bushels 
and  tons,  follows.  The  detailed  data  will  be  found  on  pages  348 
and  352. 


FEEDING  PURE-BRED  DRAFT  FILLIES 


335 


First 

winter 

(155  days) 


Summer 
( 160  days) 
LOT  I 


Second 

winter 

(SOS  days) 


1  Year 


1  Year 
5  months 


Oats  (bu.)  .... 
Corn   (bu.)   .... 
Bran   (Ibs.)   .    .  . 
Alfalfa  (tons)  . 
Straw   ('tons')  . 

16.58 
9.47 
265.25 
.84 
.14 

11.95 
6.83 
191.13 
.28 

18.12 
10.36 
961.96 
1.76 
.09 

33.67 
19.24 
538.69 
1.41 
.175 

46.64 
26.65 
1418.34 
2.88 
.23 

Oats  (bu.)  .   . 
Corn  (bu.)  .  . 
'Bran   (Ibs.)   .   , 
Alfalfa  (tons) 
Straw   (tons)    , 


20.38 
11.64 


LOT  II 

14.75 
8.43 


.73 
.14 


21.91 

12.52 

672.00 

1.67 

.09 


41.56 
23.75 

1.30 
.174 


57.04 

35.59 

672.00 

2.68 

.23 


*Bran  was  fed  for  several  days  when  the  fillies  had  influenza. 


Third  Experiment. — In  the  third  experiment  Lot  I,  during  the  490 
days,  ate  468  pounds  more  of  grain  and  40.5  pounds  less  of  alfalfa 
per  head  than  Lot  II.  Both  lots  received  an  average,  for  the  490  days, 
of  .54  pound  of  alfalfa  per  hundredweight  per  day.  During  the 
first  winter  (112  days)  of  this  trial  the  alfalfa  fed  daily  amounted  to 
1.3  pounds  per  hundredweight.  However,  during  the  second  winter 
a  much  smaller  quantity  of  alfalfa  (.55  pound  per  hundredweight 
per  day)  was  fed  and  Lot  I  received  .871  pound  and  Lot  II  .857 
pound  of  oat  hay  per  hundredweight  per  day.  The  results  during 
the  second  winter  were  very  satisfactory. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  low  amount  of  grain  fed  per  hundred- 
weight and  to  the  small  amount  required  per  pound  of  gain  in  both 
lots.  As  an  average  for  the  entire  experiment  Lot  I  received  only 
.533  pound  and  Lot  II  .445  pound  of  grain  per  hundredweight  per 
day.  Four  and  nine-tenths  pounds  of  grain  were  required  per  pound 
of  gain  for  Lot  I  and  4.16  pounds  of  grain  per  pound  of  gain  for 
Lot  II. 

It  is  doubtful  if  satisfactory  size  could  have  been  secured  on  a 
smaller  amount  of  feed  than  that  given  in  this  trial.  The  growth 
made  was  at  the  rate  of  1.3  pounds  per  head  per  day  for  both  lots. 
Of  the  two  grain  rations,  the  one  consisting  of  75  percent  crushed 
oats  and  25  percent  bran  fed  Lot  I  was  more  satisfactory  than 
the  one  made  up  of  75  percent  ground  corn  and  25  percent  bran,  when 
fed  with  alfalfa  hay  and  oat  hay.  During  the  first  winter  of  this  trial, 
the  corn,  bran,  and  alfalfa  ration  fed  Lot  II  did  not  prove  entirely 
satisfactory ;  the  fillies  of  this  lot  were  usually  somewhat  too  fat  and 
there  was  a  little  trouble  in  keeping  their  legs  in  the  best  condition. 
The  use  of  oat  hay  to  replace  part  of  the  alfalfa  during  the  second 
winter  resulted  in  considerable  improvement  in  this  lot. 


336 


BULLETIN  No.  235 


[November, 


The  detailed  data  concerning  feed  consumption  will  be  found  on 
pages  354  and  358.  Converted  to  bushels  and  tons,  the  consumption 
per  horse  during  the  third  experiment  was  as  follows : 


( 

First 
winter 
IIS  days) 

Summer 
(175  days)     { 

Second 
winter 
'SOS  days) 

LOT  I 

Oats  (bu.)  
Bran  (Ibs.)  
Alfalfa  (tons)  .  . 
Oat  hay  (tons) 

13.33 
142.14 
.68 

24.33 
259.50 
.13 
.04 

35.35 
377.10 
.78 
1.21 

Corn  (bu.)  

7.38 

LOT  n 

12.74 

15.33 

Bran  (Ibs.)  .... 
Alfalfa  (tons)  .. 
Oat  hay  (tons)  .  . 

137.70 
.71 

237.88 
.13 
.04 

286.16 
.78 
1.21 

1  Year 


43.27 

461.55 

1.07 

.42 


22.73 

424.20 

1.09 

.42 


1  Year 

£  months 


73.01 

778.74 

1.59 

1.25 


35.45 

661.73 

1.61 

1.25 


It  seems  advisable,  judging  from  the  results  of  this  experiment, 
not  to  feed  a  heavy  alfalfa  ration  with  corn  to  growing  horses,  par- 
ticularly to  pure-breds  when  seeking  the  best  possible  development. 
Alfalfa  is  a  very  valuable  roughage  for  growing  horses,  but  experience 
at  this  Station  indicates  that  more  satisfactory  results  may  be  obtained 
when  it  is  not  fed  as  the  sole  roughage  but  is  supplemented  with  such 
roughages  as  oat  hay  or  oat  straw.  The  use  of  these  carbonaceous 
roughages  also  reduced  the  cost  of  feed.  The  ration  fed  Lot  I  in  this 
trial,  consisting  of  crushed  oats  75  percent  and  bran  25  percent,  fed 
with  alfalfa  hay  supplemented  with  oat  hay,  was  more  satisfactory 
for  the  production  of  good,  sound  two-year-old  Percheron  fillies  than 
any  of  the  other  rations  used  in  these  experiments.  While  the  results 
of  the  experiments  show  this  ration  to  be  most  satisfactory  for  pro- 
ducing the  very  highest  class  of  pure-bred  draft  fillies,  still  it  is  pos- 
sible to  secure  good  results  from  rations  composed  of  home-grown 
feeds,  as  reported  in  Bulletin  192  and  as  used  in  Lot  II  of  the  second 
experiment.  Altho  the  fillies  of  Lot  II  in  this  experiment  were  fatter, 
there  were  not  so  many  high-class  individuals  in  the  lot  at  the  close 
of  the  trial  as  there  were  in  Lot  I.  This  may  have  been  due  in  part 
to  the  ration  and  in  part  to  the  lack  of  "outcome"  in  the  fillies  of 
Lot  II. 

USE  OF  CARBONACEOUS  ROUGHAGE 

The  results  of  these  two  tests,  particularly  of  the  last  one,  show 
the  possibility  of  limiting  the  alfalfa,  preferably  to  one-half  or  two- 
thirds  of  the  roughage  fed,  and  of  using  some  carbonaceous  roughage, 
such  as  oat  straw  or  oat  hay,  except  during  the  pasture  season.  Such 
feeding  resulted  in  lower  feed  costs  and  did  not  reduce  the  efficiency 
of  the  ration.  When  the  fillies  received  a  too  liberal  allowance  of 


1921]  FEEDING  PURE- BRED  DRAFT  FILLIES  337 

alfalfa,  they  did  not  eat  satisfactory  amounts  of  the  straw  or  oat  hay. 
Altho  not  used  in  these  experiments,  it  is  probable  that  corn  stover  or 
similar  roughages  would  be  satisfactory  supplements  to  alfalfa  for 
producing  growth  and  as  a  means  of  economy. 

VALUE  OF  PASTURE 

The  pasture  used  in  these  experiments  proved  to  be  a  very  im- 
portant factor  in  the  development  of  the  fillies.  In  order  to  maintain 
a  regular  rate  of  growth  on  pasture,  it  was  found  necessary  to  feed 
some  grain  thruout  the  summer.  In  fact  these  trials  showed  it  to  be 
necessary,  in  order  to  obtain  the  best  results,  to  feed  some  grain  at  all 
times  during  the  year.  Feeding  grain  in  this  way  means  real  economy. 
It  was  also  found  advisable  in  these  trials  to  feed  some  legume  hay 
during  part  of  the  pasture  season,  when  the  grass  had  become  dry, 
tough,  and  unpalatable.  While  the  daily  gain  was  less  on  pasture 
than  during  the  first  winter  seasons,  nevertheless  the  fillies  in  all  lots 
made  excellent  growth  in  frame  during  the  summer.  This  develop- 
ment of  frame  was  very  desirable  and  was  greater  and  of  more  im- 
portance than  the  weights  for  the  summer  season  indicate.  In  this 
work  much  of  the  success  depended  upon  an  abundance  of  palatable 
and  nutritious  grass.  The  pasture  afforded  abundant  exercise,  which 
helped  to  keep  the  joints  clean  and  was  conducive  to  good  health.  An 
acre  of  pasture  per  head  is  the  minimum  for  yearlings,  and  more  is 
necessary  if  the  grass  is  not  abundant. 

WEIGHTS  AND  HEIGHTS 

The  fillies  were  weighed  once  each  week  and  the  height  was  meas- 
ured at  the  beginning  of  each  28-day  period.  The  gains  were  as  uni- 
form as  could  be  expected  because  there  was  some  variation  in  age, 
size,  and  condition  of  the  fillies  at  the  beginning  of  the  experiment 
and  also  because  of  some  variation  in  the  size  of  the  parents.  The  ma- 
jority of  the  fillies  were  not  the  progeny  of  extremely  large  sires  and 
dams,  and  the  purpose  in  feeding  was  not  only  to  make  good  weight  at 
a  given  age  but  to  produce  good,  clean-jointed  individuals.  There  were 
few  blemishes  in  any  of  the  lots.  A  few  slightly  filled  hocks  occurred 
in  the  lots  that  received  the  most  corn.  During  the  third  trial  one  bone 
spavin  developed  as  the  result  of  an  injury  to  one  filly  in  Lot  II. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  during  the  last  period  of  each 
trial  the  average  gain  was  nearly  two  pounds  per  day.  This  is 
significant  because  it  shows  that  the  fillies  were  not  finished  in  growth 
and  were  capable  of  making  further  gains,  and  probably  capable  of 
attaining  weights  of  1,800  to  2,000  pounds  at  maturity.  As  already 
stated,  a  better  kind  of  growth  was  produced  in  Lot  I  in  both  experi- 
ments than  in  Lot  II.  This  apparently  resulted  from  the  smaller 


338  BULLETIN  No.  235  [November, 

proportion  of  corn  in  the  ration  of  Lot  I  of  the  second  experiment  and 
its  omission  entirely  from  the  ration  of  Lot  I  of  the  third  experiment. 

The  fillies  received  no  severe  setback  in  growth.  The  most  marked 
interruptions  in  the  rate  of  gains  were  due  to  influenza  during  the 
winter  and  to  the  annoyance  by  flies  during  the  hot  weather.  The  im- 
portance of  securing  good  growth  the  first  year  is  clearly  shown  when 
the  comparatively  small  gain  during  the  second  year  is  compared  with 
the  weight  at  one  year.  It  will  be  seen  that  the  largest  gains  per  day 
were  made  during  the  first  winter  and  that  less  feed  was  required 
per  pound  gain  at  that  time  than  at  any  other,  when  the  pasture  is 
figured  with  the  roughage  fed  during  the  summer.  Kapid,  cheap 
gains  are  made  on  young  animals;  hence,  the  importance  of  liberal 
feeding  at  this  time.  For  detailed  data  the  reader  is  referred  to  Tables 
2  to  5  of  each  experiment,  which  are  to  be  found  on  pages  349-52 
and  355-58. 

In  considering  the  heights  of  the  fillies  by  28-day  periods,  it  should 
be  remembered  that  it  is  difficult  to  get  young  fillies  to  stand  properly 
and  to  apply  the  standard  in  the  same  manner  at  the  same  point  of 
the  withers  each  time.  In  addition,  the  variation  in  wear  of  hoofs  at 
different  seasons  of  the  year  and  the  levelling  of  the  feet  at  various 
times  made  an  accurate  record  of  changes  in  height  impossible. 
' '  Losses ' '  in  height  during  certain  periods  are  due  to  such  conditions 
as  mentioned. 

The  pictures  of  the  fillies  were  taken  at  the  close  of  the  trials.  A 
good  idea  of  the  kind  of  development  made  may  be  obtained  from 
these  pictures. 

SUMMARY  OF  THE  THREE  EXPERIMENTS 

The  last  table  (page  360)  contains  a  summary  of  the  three  experi- 
ments which  have  been  conducted.  This  table  is  given  as  a  means  of 
readily  comparing  the  more  important  features  of  the  three  experi- 
ments. 

COST  OF  FEEDS 

The  tables  showing  the  cost  of  feeds  (pages  353  and  359)  are 
largely  the  result  of  using  prices  which  prevailed  before  the  war. 
Some  additional  cost  figures  are  given  in  each  of  the  tables  to  more 
nearly  show  the  cost  at  the  time  the  experiments  were  conducted. 

In  both  of  these  experiments  the  rations  fed  Lot  II  were  cheaper 
than  the  rations  fed  Lot  I.  Of  course,  the  extreme  fluctuations  in  the 
prices  of  farm  products  make  any  cost  table  of  more  or  less  temporary 
value ;  but  if  one  knows,  at  least  in  approximate  amounts,  the  quan- 
tity of  feed  required  to  grow  a  horse  a  year,  the  cost  may  be  calcu- 
lated readily  on  the  basis  of  current  prices.  Economical  feeding 
should  be  the  aim  always,  but  poor  feeding  to  lessen  the  cost  of  pro- 
duction is  false  economy. 


FEEDING  PURE-BRED  DRAFT  FILLIES  339 

The  average  cost  per  head  per  day  for  each  lot  of  these  two  ex- 
periments, on  the  basis  of  the  "A"  prices  given  below  each  of  the 
cost  tables,  was  as  follows : 

Second  Experiment  Third  Experiment 

Lot  I   21.1  cents  Lot  I  17.3  cents 

Lot  II   20,0  cents  Lot  II   '. . . .  15.1  cents 

While  it  is  true  that  the  fillies  of  Lot  I  of  the  third  experiment 
were  better  fillies  at  the  close  of  the  trial  than  the  fillies  of  Lot  II 
of  the  same  experiment,  it  may  be  that  some  will  find  it  more  de- 
sirable to  use  the  ration  fed  Lot  II  on  account  of  the  lower  cost  of 
the  ration.  It  is  very  probable  that  where  one  is  not  attempting  to 
produce  the  very  highest  class  of  draft  horses  this  ration  will  be  very 
satisfactory.  ' 

THE  INDIVIDUALS  OF  THE  VARIOUS  LOTS  AS  THEY  APPEAR  IN  THE 
FOLLOWING  ILLUSTRATIONS 

LOT  I,  SECOND  EXPERIMENT  (Fics.  1,  3,  and  4) 

1.  Garble,  130521.    W.  S.  Corsa,  Whitehall,  111. 

2.  Irene,  124523.    University  of  Illinois 

3.  Norma,  137694.     A.  L.  Eobison  &  Sons,  Pekin,  111. 

4.  Hodgson's  Choice,  123379.     M.  C.  Hodgson  &  Sons,  Ottawa,  111. 

5.  Hodgson's  Belle,  123378.    M.  C.  Hodgson  &  Sons,  Ottawa,  111. 

6.  Carins,  130522.    E.  B.  White,  Leesburg,  Va. 

7.  Sylvera,  129803.     G.  L.  Francis,  New  Lenox,  111. 

8.  Carnona,  III,  130523.     W.  S.  Corsa,  Whitehall,  111. 

LOT  II,  SECOND  EXPERIMENT  (Figs.  2,  5,  and  6) 

9.  Keota  Daisy,  129175.     C.  F.  Singmaster,  Keota,  Iowa 

10.  Oaklawn's  Selection,  129350.    J.  M.  Gillmore,  Forest  City,  111. 

11.  Black  Belle,  127468.     Leslie  Beland,  Crescent  City,  111. 

12.  Jane,  124525.     University  of  Illinois 

13.  Maple  Grove  "Violet,  129149.     J.  O.  Singmaster  &  Sons,  Keota,  Iowa 

14.  Blanlo,  130520.     L.  E,  Wiley,  Sr.,  Ellendale,  Kan. 

15.  Modestine,  130141.    Dunham 's,  Wayne,  111. 

16.  Dunham's  Choice  Goods,   128656.     J.  H.  Bereman,  Aurora,  111. 

LOT  I,  THIRD  EXPERIMENT  (Fig.  7) 

1.  Hodgsons  Quality,  148920.     M.  C.  Hodgson  &  Sons,  Ottawa,  111. 

2.  Mafalda,  148153.    G.  L.  Francis,  New  Lenox,  111. 

3.  lonita,  148542.    W.  S.  Corsa,  Whitehall,  111. 

4.  Avelita,  149380.    E.  D.  Bridges  &  Son,  Leesburg,  Va. 

5.  Louise,  147554.    L.  F.  Stubblefield  &  Sons,  McLean,  111. 

6.  Blossom,  148587.     University  of  Illinois 

7.  Columbia,  148583.     University  of  Illinois 

8.  Amy,  148581.     University  of  Illinois 

LOT  II,  THIRD  EXPERIMENT  (Fig.  8) 

9.  Hodgson's  Gold  Medal,  148919.     M.  C.  Hodgson  &  Sons,  Ottawa,  111. 

10.  Mayflower,  147963.     Geo.  Frerichs  &  Sons,  Gilman,  111. 

11.  Jewel,  148579.     University  of  Illinois 

12.  Alene  C.,  148379.    C.  F.  Camp,  Homerville,  Ohio 

13.  Janet,  148582.    University  of  Illinois 

14.  Clarissa,  147961.     I.  Argenbright,  Blandinsville,  111. 

15.  Cavill,  148721.     E.  B.  White,  Leesburg,  Va. 

16.  Ellen  C.,  148377.    C.  F.  Camp,  Homerville,  Ohio 


340 


BULLETIN  No.  235 


[November, 


FIG.  1. — THE  FILLIES  OF  LOT  I,  SECOND  EXPERIMENT,  AT  Two  YEARS  OF  AGE 

This  lot  was  fed  a  ration  of  corn,  oats,  and  bran,  supplemented  with  alfalfa 
hay,  oat  straw,  and  pasture.  The  ration  appeared  to  produce  slightly  better  devel- 
opment than  the  ration  fed  Lot  II. 


FEEDING  PURE-BRED  DRAFT  FILLIES 


341 


FIG.  2. — THE  FILLIES  OP  LOT  II,  SECOND  EXPERIMENT,  AT  Two  YEARS  OF  AGE 

A  ration  of  corn  and  oats,  with  alfalfa  hay,  oat  straw,  and  pasture  was  fed 
to  this  lot.  The  individuals  were  a  little  fatter  than  those  of  Lot  I,  but  not  so 
desirable  in  quality.  The  greater  proportion  of  corn  fed  was  probably  the  cause 
of  the  difference. 


342 


BULLETIN  No.  23o 


[November, 


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1921] 


FEEDING  PURE-BRED  DRAFT  FILLIES 


343 


344 


BULLETIN  No.  235 


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BULLETIN  No.  235 


FIG.  7. — THE  FILLIES  OF  LOT  I,  THIRD  EXPERIMENT,  AT  Two  YEARS  OF  AGE 

The  ration  fed  this  lot  was  the  most  satisfactory  of  any  of  the  rations  of 
the  three  experiments.  It  consisted  of  crushed  oats  75  percent  and  bran  25  percent, 
with  alfalfa  hay,  oat  hay,  and  pasture.  These  fillies  had  very  clean  legs  and  joints, 
and  possessed  the  general  quality  so  desirable  in  pure-bred  fillies  of  this  class. 


FEEDING  PURE-BRED  DRAFT  FILLIES 


347 


FIG.  8. — THE  FILLIES  OF  LOT  II,  THIRD  EXPERIMENT,  AT  Two  YEARS  OF  AGE 

This  lot  was  fed  ground  corn  75  percent  and  bran  25  percent,  with  alfalfa  hay, 
oat  straw,  and  pasture.  This  ration  kept  the  fillies  in  higher  condition  than  Lot  I, 
but  did  not  produce  the  same  desirable  quality.  Better  results  were  obtained  where 
corn  was  reduced  or  omitted. 


348 


BULLETIN  No.  235 


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FEEDING  PURE-BRED  DRAFT  FILLIES  353 

'  Second  Experiment 

TABLE  6. — COST  OP  FEEDS 
(For  feed  prices,  see  bottom  of  page) 

Lot I=         II  ~T~  II  T~          II 

Feed  cost A  A B B C C 

First  Winter:  Dec.  12,  1916— May  15,  1917—155  days 


Grain  

$15 

38 

$14 

67 

$16. 

24 

$15 

72 

$13 

99 

$12.95 

Hay.  . 

13 

45 

11 

62 

11. 

77 

10 

17 

9 

25 

7.99 

Straw  

56 

56 

56 

56 

56 

.56 

Total  

$29 

39 

$26 

,84 

$28 

57 

$26 

.44 

$23 

79 

$21.50 

Per  day  

19 

,173 

184 

.171 

154 

.139 

Per  pound  gain  . 

.102 

.099 

.099 

.097 

.083 

.079 

Summer:  May  16,  1917— Oct.  22,  1917—160  days 


Grain  

$11 

08 
44 
00 

$10 
4 
10 

.62 
44 
.00 

$11 
3 
10 

.70 
89 
00 

$11 
3 
10 

.38 
89 
.00 

$10.08 
3.06 
10.00 

$9.38 
3.06 
10.00 

Hay  

4 

Pasture  

10 

Total  

$25 

53 
16 
.145 

$25, 

,07 
157 
.142 

$25, 

59 
16 

.146 

$25 

27 
158 
.143 

$23. 

13 
.145 
.132 

$22.43 
.14 

.127 

Per  day  

Per  pound  gain  . 

Second  Winter:  Oct.  23,  1917— May  13,  1918—203  days 


Grain  

$25 

55 

$24 

51 

$26, 

48 

$25 

64 

$24, 

02 

$22.66 

Hay  

28 

20 

26 

.80 

24 

68 

23 

45 

19 

39 

18.42 

Straw  

36 

.36 

36 

36 

36 

.36 

Total  

$54 

1? 

$51 

.67 

$51 

52 

$49 

.45 

$43 

78 

$41.45 

Per  day  

?67 

255 

?54 

244 

316 

.204 

Per  pound  gain  . 

201 

,186 

.192 

.178 

.163 

.149 

One  Year,  5  Months:  Dec.  12,  1916— May  13,  1918—518  days 
A  A  B  B  C 


Grain  

.  .$52 

02 

$49 

.81 

$54.42 

$52. 

74 

$48. 

09 

$45 

00 

Hay.  . 

.  .  46 

10 

42 

.86 

40.34 

37. 

50 

31, 

69 

29 

46 

Straw  

92 

.92 

.92 

92 

92 

92 

Pasture  

10 

00 

10 

00 

10.00 

10 

00 

10 

00 

10 

00 

Total  .  . 
Per  day  

$109 

.04 
211 

$103 

.59 
20 

$105.68 
.204 

$101 

.16 
195 

$90 

.71 
175 

$85 

.38 
165 

Per  pound  gain 

149 

143 

.144 

139 

.124 

.118 

Additional  Cost  Figures 


Lot  

I 

II 

I 

II 

I 

II 

Total:  (518    days). 
Aver,  cost  per  day. 
Cost  of  feed  per 
pound    gain  .  . 

D 

.$173. 

91 
34 

24 

D 

$167. 

29 
32 

23 

E 

$250. 

65 
48 

.34 

E 

$241. 

23 
47 

33 

F 

$168, 

83 
33 

.23 

F 
$161.09 
.31 

.22 

Feed  Prices 


Corn  per  bu  

$     . 

56 

$ 

,65 

$      . 

50 

$   1. 

I?, 

$  1 

68 

$    1.00 

Oats  per  bu  

40 

,40 

.35 

,64 

.60 

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26. 

00 

26. 

00 

26, 

00 

40, 

00 

60 

00 

40.00 

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16 

00 

14 

00 

11 

.00 

25 

.00 

35. 

00 

25.00 

Straw  per  ton  

4 

00 

4 

.00 

4 

.00 

8 

.00 

12 

.00 

8.00 

Pasture  per  acre  .  .  . 

10 

00 

10, 

00 

10 

,00 

12 

00 

15. 

00 

12.00 

354 


BULLETIN  No.  235 


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1021}  FEEDING  PURE-BRED  DRAFT  FILLIES  359 

Third  Experiment 

TABLE  6. — COST  OP  FEEDS 

(For  feed  prices,  see  bottom  of  page) 


Lot  

I 

II 

I 

II 

I 

II 

Feed  cost  

...      A 

A 

B 

B 

C 

C 

First  Winter:  Dec.  31,  1918— Apr.  21,  1919—112  days 

Grain $  7.18       $  5.92  $  7.18       $6.59  $  6.51       $5.48 

Alfalfa 10.88        11.36  9.52          9.94          7.48  7.81 


Total $18.06      $17.28          $16.70      $16.53          $13.99  $13.29 

Per  day 161  .154  .149  .148  .125  .119 

Per  pound  gain...        .107  .100 .099  .096 .083  .077 

Summer:  Apr.  22— Oct.  13—175  days 


Grain  

.$13.11 

$10  23 

$13  11 

$11  38 

$11  89 

$  9  47 

Alfalfa  

2  08 

2  08 

1  82 

1  82 

1  43 

1  43 

Oat  Hay  

.32 

.32 

.28 

.28 

.24 

.24 

Pasture  

.    10.00 

10.00 

10.00 

10  00 

10  00 

10  00 

Total  

$25  51 

$22  63 

$25  21 

$23  48 

$23  56 

$21  14 

Per  day  

.146 

.129 

.144 

.134 

.135 

.121 

Per  pound  gain  . 

.096 

.078 

.095 

.08 

.089 

.072 

Second  Winter:  Oct.  14,  1919— May  3,  1920—203  days 


Grain   

$19  04       $12  30 

$19  04       $13  68 

$17  27       $11  39 

Alfalfa  

.   12.48         12.48 

10  92         10  92 

8  58          8  58 

Oat  Hay  

.     9.68          9  68 

8  47          8  47 

7  26           7  26 

Total  

$41  20       $34  46 

$38  43      $33  07 

$33  11       $27  23 

Per  day  

.203           .17 

189            163 

163           .  134 

Per  pound  gain  . 

.203           .20 

.  189           .  192 

.  163           .  158 

1  Year  4K  Months:  Dec.  31,  1918— May  3,  1920—490  days 
A  A  B  B  C 


Grain  

$39  33 

$28  45 

$39  33 

$31  64 

$35  68 

$26  33 

Alfalfa  

25  44 

25  76 

22  26 

22  54 

17  49 

17  71 

Oat  Hay  

.   10.00 

10.00 

8.75 

8.75 

7  50 

7  50 

Pasture  

.   10.00 

10  00 

10  00 

10  00 

10  00 

10  00 

Total  

.$84  77 

$74  21 

$80  34 

$72  93 

$70  67 

$61  54 

Per  day  

173 

151 

164 

149 

144 

126 

Per  pound  gain  . 

.133 

.117 

.126 

.115 

.111 

.097 

Additional  Cost  Figures 
Lot I~         II  ~T~~  II  ~T~          II 

T^  T^  T*1  TJ1  TI*  Ji* 

Total:  (490  days)  .$129.05     $120.18         $186.60     $173.26         $128.62     $118.43 
Aver,  cost  per  day. .       .26  .25  .38  .35  .26  .24 

Cost  of  feed  per 

pound  gain 20 Jj) .29 .27 120 .19 

Feed  Prices  A  B  C  D  E  F 

Corn  per  bu , 

Oats  per  bu 

Bran  per  ton 

Alfalfa  per  ton 

Oat  hay 

Pasture  per  acre 


$     .56 

$      .  65 

$     .50 

$   1.12 

$    1.68 

$    1.00 

.40 

.40 

.35 

.64 

.96 

.60 

26.00 

26.00 

26.00 

40.00 

60.00 

40.00 

16.00 

14.00 

11.00 

25.00 

35.00 

25.00 

8.00 

7.00 

6.00 

12.00 

18.00 

14.00 

10.00 

10.00 

10.00 

12.00 

15.00 

12.00 

360 


BULLETIN  No.  235 


[November,  1921 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS-URBANA 


